B. S. Ward's 1821 Expedition to Kodaikanal: Exploring the Palani Hills The history of Kodaikanal is closely connected with the exploration of the Palani Hills during the nineteenth century. One of the earliest recorded European surveys of this mountain region was conducted by Lieutenant B. S. Ward in 1821. His journey provided valuable geographical observations and contributed to the growing interest in the hills that would later develop into the famous hill...